Patient outcomes

For example, macular degeneration has two main types: dry and wet (see Figure 1). The dry type is a gradual deterioration of the retinal cells at the macula, with a slow build-up of deposits seen beneath the retina, called drusen. This is a gradual change, and there is currently no treatment available.

Figure 1

Figure 1: OCT images showing the dry and wet types of macular degeneration. In the dry type, build-up of deposits called drusen beneath the retina can be seen, plus a degeneration and thinning of the retina itself. In the wet type, fluid can be seen collecting beneath the retina (although it can often be seen within the retina also)

Wet macular degeneration is caused by leakage of new blood vessels at the macula, resulting in fluid build-up in the retina. This happens quickly and can be treated with injections to the eye, which prevent growth of the new vessels and allow the fluid to drain away. OCT imaging is used in hospital eye clinics to determine which patients have the wet type and therefore require prompt injections to treat it. This is a very quick and effective way to ensure treatment is given to those who would benefit from it and not given unnecessarily to those with the dry type.

Figure 2

Figure 2: OCT image showing macular oedema. The retina is full of fluid bubbles (dark areas), resulting from a blockage in one of the branches of a main retinal vein

Quick and effective

Several other conditions of the macula can be detected using OCT imaging, including macular holes and macular oedema (swelling), which is common after cataract surgery, and in diabetic eye disease (see Figure 2). The optic nerve can also be scanned to detect signs of glaucoma, which is particularly useful for monitoring change over time and determining whether it is getting worse, requiring a change in treatment strategy. 

Further forward in the eye, OCT can be used to assess the anterior chamber angle. This can become narrow and prevent the movement of fluid in the eye, resulting in a sudden increase in pressure known as angle closure glaucoma. Additionally, some OCT devices can be used to measure the thickness of the cornea and in contact lens fitting.